| gTLD | Full Legal Name | E-mail suffix | Detail | | .madrid | Comunidad de Madrid | madrid.org | View |
The .MADRID TLD application is submitted by the Region of Madrid (Comunidad de Madrid), which is the Government of the region of Madrid region; analogous to the States in the Federal States of the USA) on behalf of, and for the Madrid community.
The following clauses (A), (B) and (C) describe the delineation of the Madrid community and corresponding policy principles of the .MADRID TLD.
(A) The Madrid community comprises individuals as citizens and legal entities with presence in the Region of Madrid. This territory comprises the 179 Municipalities, including the city of Madrid and its metropolitan area Madrid is the capital of Spain as established by art. 5 of the Spanish Constitution. A bona fide presence in the Madrid area may be determined by the following:
- residence in the Madrid area, or
- the pursuit of lawful business activities in the Madrid area, or
- the pursuit of cultural leisure, and sport activities in the Madrid area, or
- any other kind of direct or indirect presence that is generally accepted as legitimate for, and conducive to the welfare of, the Madrid area.
(B) Registration of domain names under the .MADRID TLD is restricted to members of the Madrid community and subject to the further requirement that the domain name registrant’s direct or indirect presence in the Madrid area and the registrant’s use of the domain name must be:
(1) of a kind that is generally accepted as legitimate and
(2) conducive to the welfare of the Madrid area and
(3) of commensurate quality to the role and importance of the respective domain name and
(4) based on good faith at the time of registration and thereafter.
(C) The government of the Region of Madrid, in relation to the requested .MADRID TLD, acts as the highest representative body for the Region of Madrid, as well as the representative of this community in dealings with other institutions of the Spanish state and its different administrative bodies, including the city of Madrid as state capital. In light of this, the full support of the Spanish Government has been obtained through the Secretary of State for Telecommunications, as well as for the Information Society and that of the city of Madrid, via its activities in the area of Economic Governance, Employment and Citizen Participation, with the common objective of establishing new channels for relationships based on good faith.
Answers to enumerated question points:
How the community is delineated from Internet users generally. Such descriptions may include, but are not limited to, the following: membership, registration, or licensing processes, operation in a particular industry, use of a language.
The Madrid community relates to the geographic area of the Region (Comunidad) of Madrid or the Madrid area, a described above. The Madrid area comprises the geographic urban areas of the city of Madrid. It is clearly recognizable by urban infrastructure, such as the local transport network in and around the City of Madrid. It also comprises 180 other municipalities of diverse size and character.
The delineation described under (A) above matches the reality of the Madrid community as it has existed since the advent of Madrid as a modern metropolis.
A Madrid community has existed for a long time. For as long as it has existed, those who belonged to it were those who had a bona fide presence in the urban area and its surroundings. With the advancement of civilization, new forms of presence (such as business or culture) have become generally accepted. A bona fide presence in the Madrid area may be direct or indirect, on the basis of domicile, activity, cultural links or any other constructive commitment to the Madrid area. It may be emanating from the area or be directed to the area.
Given the vast scope of a modern metropolitan community, and its surroundings, community membership always depends on context. This is why, for the purpose of domain registrations, the strength and quality of the registrant’s nexus must be commensurate to the role and importance of the domain name to the community.
In other words, a bona fide presence in the Madrid area (and thus community membership) is a necessary condition, NOT in itself a sufficient condition for the right to hold any imaginable .MADRID domain name. As the policy principles under (B) above description show, there are additional requirements specific to the intrinsic role and importance of the domain name in question. They concern in particular the nature of the registrant’s presence in the Madrid area and the registrant’s use of the domain name.
The wish to hold a .MADRID domain name is not in itself a sufficient indication of a bona fide presence in the Madrid area. Furthermore, if a person has been able to register a domain name in .MADRID, this does not in itself entitle that person to register any imaginable other .MADRID domain name.
How the community is structured and organized. For a community consisting of an alliance of groups, details about the constituent parts are required.
As any other modern metropolitan area, the Madrid community is organized to the highest degree. The Madrid area belongs to one single, highly integrated community. Because of if its importance and size, the community’s organization involves a number of public bodies and authorities on several levels (such as the Region, the Municipalities, and for the biggest among them, the Districts), treaties between public bodies, joint investments in public infrastructure companies, public-private partnerships, coordinated policies and legal frameworks that define the duties and prerogatives of each body. The public bodies are established by law and their representatives are democratically elected by universal suffrage. It goes without saying that private companies and cultural or welfare organizations also belong to the organization of the community.
When the community was established, including the date(s) of formal organization, if any, as well as a description of community activities to date.
The City of Madrid (and therefore the Greater Madrid Area) has existed as an organized community since Middle Age, having grown naturally over time. It has been the Court and then Capital of Spain since 1561.
The activities of the Madrid community are:
- the shared concerns and pursuits of the residents and stakeholders of the Madrid area (along with their organizations or public bodies)
- the shared use of the infrastructure and services of the Madrid area, such as transport, telecommunications, as well as culture, education, welfare and leisure,
- a strong focus for tourism, including leading role in cultural tourism (Madrid is the seat, for instance, of the World Tourism Organization).
- the role of the City of Madrid as capital of Spain.
The Madrid community includes extensive activities in the digital world specific to the Greater Madrid Community, both in the form of e-government services and public authorities’ contributions to the development of information society. The .MADRID TLD is designed to be directly related to the activities of the Madrid community, including fostering the use of electronic administration and promoting political and social participation.
The current estimated size of the community, both as to membership and geographic extent.
The population of the Madrid area is in the order of 7 million inhabitants. The geographic extension of the Madrid Region is at 8.021 square kilometers.
The Madrid Region comprises, beyond the City of Madrid, 179 Municipalities that can be found on www.madrid.org
| gTLD | Full Legal Name | E-mail suffix | Detail | | .INC | Dot Registry LLC | hotmail.com | View |
DOT Registry plans to serve the Community of Registered Corporations. Members of the community are defined as businesses registered as corporations within the United States or its territories. This would include Corporations, Incorporated Businesses, Benefit Corporations, Mutual Benefit Corporations and Non-Profit Corporations. Corporations or “INC’s” as they are commonly abbreviated, represent one of the most complex business entity structures in the U.S. Corporations commonly participate in acts of commerce, public services, and product creation.
Corporations are the oldest form of organized business in the United States, with the first organized corporation dating back to the 18th century. In 1819 The US Supreme Court formalized their policy on corporation formation by enhancing the rights granted to US Corporations. This policy change for the United States spurred increased corporate registrations and acted as an early economic boom for the states. Well known early corporations included the British East India Company, Carnegie Steel Company, and Standard Oil. The creation of corporations is synonymous with the development of free enterprise in the United States and much of our countries infrastructure and services were created by early and innovative corporations.
Corporation creation has been viewed as especially unique throughout US history because corporations are considered the only business model that are recognized by law to have the rights and responsibilities similar to natural persons. Corporations can exercise human rights against real individuals and the state. Additionally, they themselves can be responsible for human rights violations. This unique human element makes corporations acutely responsible for their actions as an entity. This feature becomes especially applicable when we begin to view corporations as a community. “Community” is defined by Merriam Webster’s dictionary as a group sharing common characteristics or interests and perceived or perceiving itself as distinct in some respect from the larger society within which it exists. DOT Registry believes that corporations fall well within this definition due to their specific registration requirements, which set them apart from individuals and other business entities, while granting them operating privileges and distinct rights and responsibilities.
A corporation is defined as a business created under the laws of a State as a separate legal entity, that has privileges and liabilities that are distinct from those of its members. While corporate law varies in different jurisdictions, there are four characteristics of the business corporation that remain consistent: legal personality, limited liability, transferable shares, and centralized management under a board structure. Corporate statutes typically empower corporations to own property, sign binding contracts, and pay taxes in a capacity separate from that of its shareholders.
Business formation favors the corporate entity structure because it provides its shareholders with limited personal liability and a unique taxing structure.
Corporations provide the backbone of the American business culture. Fortune 500’s top ten US corporations for 2011 include: Wal-Mart Stores, Exxon Mobil, Chevron, ConocoPhillips, Fannie Mae, General Electric, Berkshire Hathaway, General Motors, Bank of America and Ford Motors. From this listing one can ascertain that corporations span every genre of business and play an intricate role in the daily lives of consumers. From gas stations to hospitals, grocery stores to financial lending institutions corporations drive the stock market, industry production, and consumer spending.
With almost 470,000 new corporations registered in the United States in 2010 (as reported by the International Association of Commercial Administrators) resulting in over 8,000,000 total corporations in the US, it is hard for the average consumer to not conduct business with a corporation.
Corporations can be formed through any jurisdiction of the United States. Therefore members of this community exist in all 50 US states and its territories. Corporation formation guidelines are dictated by state law and can vary based on each State’s regulations. Persons form a corporation by filing required documents with the appropriate state authority, usually the Secretary of State. Most states require the filing of Articles of Incorporation. These are considered public documents and are similar to articles of organization, which establish a limited liability company as a legal entity. At minimum, the Articles of Incorporation give a brief description of proposed business activities, shareholders, stock issued and the registered business address.
Corporations are expected to conduct business in conjunction with the policies of the State in which they are formed, and the Secretary of State periodically evaluates a corporation’s level of good standing based on their commercial interactions with both the state and consumers. DOT Registry or its designated agents would verify membership to the Community of Corporations by collecting data on each Registrant and cross-referencing the information with their applicable registration state. In order to maintain the reputation of the “.INC” string and accurately delineate the member to consumers, Registrants would only be awarded a domain that accurately represents their registered legal business name. Additionally, DOT Registry will not allow blind registrations or registration by proxy, therefore DOT Registry’s WHOIS service will tie directly back to each member’s state registration information and will be publicly available in order to provide complete transparency for consumers.
Over 64% of US public corporations are registered in the state of Delaware. Because of this preeminence, Dot Registry has drawn on Delaware Law as an example of formation requirements and operating privileges.
According to Delaware Law corporations may be formed by:
(a) Any person, partnership, association or corporation, singly or jointly with others, and without regard to such personʹs or entityʹs residence, domicile or state of incorporation, may incorporate or organize a corporation under this chapter by filing with the Division of Corporations in the Department of State a certificate of incorporation which shall be executed, acknowledged and filed in accordance with this title.
(b) A corporation may be incorporated or organized under this chapter to conduct or promote any lawful business or purposes, except as may otherwise be provided by the Constitution or other law of this State.
Entities are required to comply with formation practices in order to receive the right to conduct business in the US. Once formed a corporation must be properly maintained. Corporations are expected to comply with state regulations, submit annual filings, and pay specific taxes and fees. Should a corporation fail to comply with state statutes it could result in involuntary dissolution by the state in addition to imposed penalties, taxes and fees.
All entities bearing the words Corporation or Incorporated in their business name create the assumption that they have been awarded the privileges associated to that title such as: the ability to conduct commerce transactions within US borders or territories, the ability to market products, solicit consumers and provide reputable services in exchange for monetary values, and finally to provide jobs or employment incentives to other citizens.
Membership in the Community of Corporations is established through your business entity registration. In order to maintain your membership to this community you must remain an “Active” member of the community. Active” in this context can be defined as any corporation registered with a Secretary of State in the United States and its territories, that is determined to be authorized to conduct business within that State.